People are being forced to take sides and to even adopt new identities. Some people have begun asserting their Kikuyu identity by adding a Kikuyu name to their Christian one, or by demonstrating their filial ties to a Kikuyu in-law or spouse by hyphenating their names. There is a perception that having the right connections will open up all kinds of opportunities, from jobs to tenders.

She says that white people often silence people of colour by pretending that the problem lies with the latter, and not with the former, or by accusing the non-white person of being overly sensitive about race. Their mouths start twitching as they get defensive. The current stand-off between Uhuru and Ruto can thus be interpreted as a battle for supremacy — Kikuyu privilege fighting Kalenjin privilege and vice versa.

Now all those who are not white know what white privilege looks like. It is like oxygen in the air — we cannot see it, but we know it is there. It is that taking-for-granted feeling among people who have never had to explain themselves to others and who have never had to seek permission to exist. It is like when a white person asks you how you learnt how to play the piano so well, or when she marvels at the fact that you have a PhD. Or like when as has happened to me several times , a white person asks if I still eat Indian food with my hands.

Of course I do, not all the time, but only when I dip a roti into a curry — a feat that would be impossible with a fork and knife. In many ways, Kikuyu privilege is akin to white or male privilege in that most Kikuyus are not even aware of it. I use the word liberal here deliberately because unlike the rabid white right-wing racist, the white liberal assumes, falsely, that he does not enjoy privilege, and that even if he does, he works consciously to underplay it.

My critics will no doubt remind me that there are millions of Kikuyus in this country who are poor and who do not benefit financially or politically from their Kikuyuness. Indeed, as I have said so in many of my articles, poor Kikuyus got the short end of the stick at independence. Many were not only dispossessed of their land by former Kikuyu loyalists known as homeguards who went on to form the political elite after independence, but those who were relocated to the Rift Valley have suffered violence in virtually every election since the s.

And we must remember that it was a Kikuyu president, Mwai Kibaki, who oversaw the extrajudicial killing of hundreds of Mungiki members — children of the very Kikuyu people who were alienated from their land by the Jomo Kenyatta regime.

Kikuyu privilege, like white or male privilege, therefore, has little to do with wealth but everything to do with self-perception — and delusion.

It is the reason why, despite having suffered at the hands of every regime in Kenya, poor and dispossessed Kikuyus continue to follow the philosophy of uthamaki , a belief that Kikuyus are — and should remain — the true and only rulers of this land known as Kenya. Turned on its head, this philosophy was also adopted by the Kalenjin, who have sought power, wealth and privilege with equal determination. They do not ask why this wealth does not trickle down to them, why they still remain poor.

How can I, with my Indian name and heritage, compete with the largest tribe in Kenya? And because I did not marry into one of the larger tribes, I face an additional disadvantage. His father was Malawian but since my husband never lived in that country, he identifies most with his Taveta roots.

On the contrary, being a Kenyan Asian married to a small tribe man in Kenya with a foreign African father probably places me somewhere at the very bottom of the pecking order. I am not saying that I did not inherit certain privileges on account of my race or class. I grew up in an urban middle class Asian family that did not struggle with money issues and which took many things for granted.

We were not rich, but we were not poor either. My sex placed certain obstacles in my way — Indian culture denies women and girls many privileges, so I learnt at a very young age not to reach for the stars. Sheer stubbornness on my part dismantled some of these barriers and allowed me to pursue some of my goals.

But even as a child, I was aware that the playing field was not level for Asians. So, for instance, I could never aspire for a government job because those jobs were reserved for Africans. And in a society so deeply divided by race thanks to the apartheid imposed by British colonialism and white settlers that lingered on after independence , it was difficult for me to make a case for why I deserved to be treated equally.

It is a privilege that assumes that Nairobi is the norm and whatever happens outside its borders is just tourism. Here I saw what marginalisation does to a people. It lowers expectations. People expect less, so they demand less as well. How can Kikuyu privilege or any other kind of privilege be addressed? Black people in the UK, for instance, will be invited to talk about their experiences to white audiences, or to become champions of anti-racist advocacy groups. Muslims and other minorities in the United States will be invited to speak about the discrimination they face.

Yet the onus really should lie with the ones having the privilege. They themselves must ensure that not every board member in a parastatal or corporation is a Kikuyu or from just one ethnic group.

They must demand that key positions in government be shared in a fair manner among all ethnic groups. They must sensitise their own people about the dangers of uthamaki and other myopic ideologies.

A friend commented that he was surprised that every panelist at a talk he recently attended was a Kikuyu, and he wondered why the organisers of the event had not made more of an effort to make the panel more inclusive of other ethnic groups.

If we are to move forward, we must have a frank and honest discussion about tribalism, and what it has done to us as a society. We — not just Kikuyus but every ethnic group and race in Kenya — must know and acknowledge our individual privileges, and then dissect them for all to see. Only then can we begin having an honest conversation with each other. The Elephant is helping to build a truly public platform, while producing consistent, quality investigations, opinions and analysis.

The Elephant cannot survive and grow without your participation. Now, more than ever, it is vital for The Elephant to reach as many people as possible. Your support helps protect The Elephant's independence and it means we can continue keeping the democratic space free, open and robust.

Every contribution, however big or small, is so valuable for our collective future. Rasna Warah is a Kenyan writer and journalist. Over the past two decades, Russia has aimed to re-establish itself as a world power. At the same time, questions have arisen about how A3 members — the annually elected grouping of African states — coordinate positions among themselves, and with respect to the interests of the five permanent UNSC members the P5. These divisions were seen most sharply in discussions relating to Syria, Venezuela, Ukraine and the Women, Peace and Security agenda.

It was the Kalenjin who torched terrified men, women and children seeking sanctuary in Eldoret last week. In , 1, Kikuyu or 'non-indigenous' people were slaughtered in the Rift Valley east of Eldoret by Kalenjin and Masai moran, or warriors, armed with pangas. Many were hunted down like animals with bows and arrows in the woodland and farms around Nakuru, the provincial capital.

An estimated , fled their homes. There were no arrests, no proper inquiries, and very little publicity for these atrocities - most foreign correspondents were too busy cataloguing the larger horrors of Congo and Rwanda. But the seeds of the genocide that engulfed the Great Lakes of central Africa were sown by Moi in Kenya.

Until now they lay dormant, but in fertile ground. Kenya is the most stable and economically successful state in the region. It has been the base for international emergency relief operations to Somalia, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi and Sudan for decades.

But it is no less riven by ethnic hatred than any of its neighbours. Put crudely, very few Kenyan tribes get along well with one another - and almost all hate the Kikuyu. The Kikuyu are the biggest tribe, with 42 different ethnic groups, and make up about a fifth of the population.

They fought the British in the Mau Mau uprising that led to independence in It is unlikely the Kikuyu and Luo communities had ever interacted before This might have been a small matter if it did not permeate into social interactions, affecting how people choose spouses and business partners.

A fight between two students quickly escalated into a school-wide brawl that lasted two days. It only ended when 34 students left in protest — all of them Luo. The fight had begun because a Luo student kicked a Kamba colleague. It would be insignificant if this school, situated in central Kenya, did not produce many of the elite who took over state power in the s. From this crucible of ethnic identities and the removal of Kikuyus from urban centres in the s emerged both trauma and opportunity.

Kikuyu elites, many of whom were safely away from the fighting and suffering, bolstered their position by claiming to have lent a hand in the freedom struggle. They built upon the trauma that the community suffered from a genocidal colonial government and quickly weaponised it. On the Luo side, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga quickly rose to power. Both he and his main rival, Tom Mboya, realised the political power they desired was dependent on first strengthening ethnic identities even further.

It is almost as if, to some extent, is That was the year Jaramogi Odinga finally quit the ruling party to form his own. It was also the year the onslaught on Odinga and his supporters began in earnest.

PLoS One. Valid application of western blotting. Mol Biol Rep. Epub Feb 8. PMID : Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. PMID: Western blot: technique, theory, and trouble shooting. N Am J Med Sci. Powered by Social Snap. Copy link. Copy Copied. How protein-loving is it? Western blotting especially high molecular weight proteins Protein sequencing Amino acid analysis Solid phase assay systems.

Both nitrocellulose and PVDF come in typical pore sizes of 0. The 0. Nitrocellulose membranes have high protein-binding affinity but are not capable of the detection sensitivity of PVDF membranes. On the plus side, you may get lower background signal if using nitrocellulose. In other words, PVDF membrane shows more advantages in the ability to bind with glycans in proteins.

The intensity analysis of lectin staining of the glycoproteins bound to PVDF membrane were shown to increase 1. Similar results can also be observed in our recently published article Although the LB staining principle of glycoprotein is different from protein staining principle of IB, the more proteins remain on the membrane, the more glycan that attached to the corresponding proteins, so it is easier to be recognized by lectin. Carefully observing these stained bands, we found that the molecular weight of the stained glycoprotein was concentrated between 40 and kDa or higher when the loading amount of serum sample was 0.

The results in Figs. Clinical samples are sometimes very limited. If more than two targets can be detected after one electrophoresis, it will save samples, materials and time. Therefore, we explored the antibody re-probed ability of the two membranes in the following four cases: 1 staining with one lectin and then re-probing with another lectin; 2 staining with one antibody and then re-probing with another antibody; 3 staining with lectin and then re-probing with antibody; 4 staining with antibody and then re-probing with lectin.

Briefly, diluted healthy mixed sera proteins 3—0. After reacting with primary and secondary antibodies, the protein band was visualized by using ECL reagents. Then, membrane stripping solutions were employed to remove the antibodies that bound on the membranes, and the blotted membranes were re-blocked with BSA and re-probed with other antibodies. The results were shown in Fig. This is consistent with the result of Fig.

The pooled sera proteins 3. In the results we mentioned above, we detected the binding ability of protein or glycoprotein to PVDF and NC membranes by incubating proteins which were transferred to PVDF and NC membranes, and compared the antibody re-probed ability of the two membranes.

However, uneven electric transfer efficiency and different degrees of protein loss existed in electric transfer In order to further confirm the above results, we directly incubate four proteins with different molecular weights onto activated PVDF and NC membranes, respectively, so as to detect the direct binding ability of the two membranes to proteins. The results of signal intensity analysis of the staining blots were shown in Fig.

The results of statistical analysis showed that under any concentration, the protein directly incubated onto NC membrane had better binding ability than that incubated onto PVDF membrane, which is consistent with the result in Fig.

The left side of a, b, c, and d: representative blots; The right side of a — d the relative signal intensity of the proteins that binded on the two membranes were detected by staining with DB The molecular weight of fetuin is 40 kDa, although the binding ability of fetuin to NC increased gradually with the increase of fetuin concentration 40 kDa, Fig. These data are consistent with the result in Fig. In addition, the direct binding ability of the two membranes to high molecular proteins such as lactase kDa, Fig.

As shown in Fig. The results of statistical analysis of the stained membranes showed that PVDF membrane has higher lactase binding capacity than NC membrane, which is consistent with the result in Fig.

In this study, by incubating proteins which were transferred to PVDF or NC membranes with a series of antibodies and different types of lectins, we investigated the relationship between the binding ability of these two membranes to proteins or glycoproteins and the molecular weight of the target protein. Moreover, in order to avoid the error caused by the losses of proteins during electrotransfer, we also verified the above results by directly incubating proteins having different molecular weights onto PVDF or NC membranes.

These results showed that the binding ability of NC membrane to low molecular weight protein is better than that of PVDF membrane. While PVDF membrane shows more advantages in the ability to bind to high molecular weight proteins and glycoproteins. As for the binding ability to medium molecular weight protein, there is no difference between these two membranes. In addition, we also explored the transfer time for different antigens Table 2 , such as ApoA1 50 min, EEF1A2 70 min, CerP 90 min, other antigens and glycoprotein 60 min.

Therefore, to improve the detection sensitivity of protein in WB, we should select the solid phase supporter according to the molecular weight of the target protein, and simultaneously also consider the corresponding transfer time.

When the molecular weight of protein is low, the membrane transfer time can be appropriately shortened, otherwise, it can be appropriately extended, so as to retain more proteins on electroblotted membranes. The pore size of the membrane will also affect the detection efficiency of protein in WB. The pore size used in this study is 0. It is reported that when the molecular weight of protein is lower than 20 kD, it is more suitable to use 0. Then, for a molecular weight less than 20 kD protein, whether its binding ability to PVDF membrane and NC membrane is consistent with that of 0.

S1 a, left , but both of them were not as good as that of protein to 0. S1 a, right , which was consistent with the conclusion of 0. WB technique is largely used for the identification of proteins and the characterization of their biological functions. Its key steps, such as the selection of the solid phase supporter, transfer time and the molecular weight of the target protein can affect the sensibility and reproducibility of this technique.

Especially when the target protein is a low abundance protein, improper selection of membrane will cause difficulty in detection, or even the protein cannot be detected. Since WB is a multistep protocol, the variations of any step will affect the final detection result of protein in this technique.

Such as buffer composition, incubation times of primary antibody, contaminating chemicals, and different ECL detection reagents etc. Further studies should explore and define the optimal WB conditions through a comprehensive evaluation of a variety of factors.

Ubiquitous importance of protein glycosylation. Methods Mol. Article Google Scholar. Zuo, W. Dual characteristics of novel HER2 kinase domain mutations in response to HER2-targeted therapies in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. Yildirim, A. Relationship between serum levels of some acute-phase proteins and stage of disease and performance status in patients with lung cancer. MathSciNet Google Scholar. Zhang, Y. AGP1 acts as a biomarker for diagnosis of laryngeal cancer. Towbin, H. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: Procedure and some applications.

And how do you choose which one to use in your application? To do this, you need to take the membrane type, pore size and membrane format into consideration to help you choose which membrane to use.

Protein binding capacity. Since PVDF has a higher protein binding capacity, it also offers higher sensitivity. While this feature allows it to detect lowly expressed proteins, you are more likely to get higher background noise in your antibody detection steps when using this membrane. Nitrocellulose membrane, on the other hand, may not be capable of the detection sensitivity of PVDF membranes but it will produce a lower background noise. Binding interactions. Protein molecules bind to nitrocellulose membranes through hydrophobic interactions while molecules bind to PVDF membranes through hydrophobic and dipole interactions.

However, please note that nitrocellulose requires the use of methanol in the transfer buffer which may reduce the pore size of the gel and cause high molecular weight proteins to precipitate. Physical characteristics.

While nitrocellulose is brittle and fragile, PVDF is more durable and has higher chemical resistance making it ideal for reprobing and sequencing applications.

NASA said in its statement that it still plans to send astronaut Chris Cassidy to the ISS on April 9, and that he and two cosmonauts are already undergoing a routine two-week pre-flight quarantine. The Mars Mission timeline is also still a go. NASA noted in the statement that the Perseverance rover and its accompanying Mars Helicopter are currently under preparation at Kennedy Space Center and are still scheduled for launch in July. The highly anticipated Demo-2 launch, which will shuffle astronauts to the ISS aboard a SpaceX rocket and capsule, is still on track for its mid-to-late May launch.

Resupply missions to the ISS are also still on track, the agency said. Type keyword s to search. Today's Top Stories. The remaining three space shuttles, Discovery , Endeavour , and Atlantis , are now museum pieces, as is the test orbiter Enterprise. Having seen some of these vessels in person, I can attest that they still are breathtaking sights to behold. With SpaceX already launching humans into space, and with other commercial space ventures making rapid progress, the future of manned spaceflight under NASA seems unclear.

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Strawberry red If you have a glossy, bright red tongue, it could mean that you have a vitamin deficiency. The cells on your tongue require nutrients like vitamin B12 and iron to mature. If your tongue is bright red, ask your doctor about whether you should take supplements or change your diet to get more nutrients.

If you notice red lesions or growths on your tongue that last longer than two weeks, talk to your doctor—those marks could be a sign of oral cancer. These lesions are not always painful and occur most often in older people. Geisinger otolaryngologist Dr. Pleasant in Scranton and Geisinger Tunkhannock. To schedule an appointment with Dr. Linker, please call or visit Geisinger.

Leukoplakia is usually caused by irritants such as tobacco and alcohol, but may also result from inflammatory conditions and irritation from dentures. The patches that leukoplakia causes are harmless by themselves. Tongues with a thick and lumpy white coating could mean you have oral thrush, a fungal infection of your mouth's mucous membranes. On the other hand, a tongue that looks only slightly white can indicate dehydration.

Brushing your tongue involves gently scrubbing your tongue from back to tip with a moistened toothbrush. You can do this most effectively while brushing your teeth by spitting out excess toothpaste after cleaning your teeth but before rinsing so that your mouth and toothbrush still have toothpaste residue on them. In most cases, yellow tongue causes no symptoms other than yellow tongue discoloration. Yellow tongue that progresses to black hairy tongue syndrome may cause symptoms including: Halitosis , or bad breath.

A healthy tongue should be pink and covered with small nodules papillae. Any deviation from your tongue's normal appearance, or any pain, may be cause for concern. What does it mean when your tongue is greenish yellow? Category: medical health dental health.

Why would my tongue be green? Why is there green stuff on my tongue? Why is the top of my mouth yellow? Is a yellow tongue a sign of liver problems? What does cancer of tongue look like? What does oral thrush look like? Can acid reflux affect your tongue? What is growing on my tongue? Can oral thrush be yellow?

Can dehydration cause yellow tongue? Fast facts on yellow tongue :. What does your tongue tell you about your health? Should you brush your tongue? What causes thick coating on tongue? What does tongue color indicate? Steps a person can take to encourage healing include:. Some doctors may also recommend eating probiotic foods or supplements to increase the number of good bacteria in the body. Tongue scraping may also help reduce the number of germs on the tongue and in the mouth that contribute to oral issues.

Tongue scraping is not a cure for a green tongue but may help support a doctor-recommended medication or treatment plan. Tongue scraping may work best when added to a daily oral hygiene routine, along with brushing and flossing.

It is best to ask a doctor or dentist about tongue scraping before starting, as it may not be helpful in every case. When not caused by temporary staining from food coloring, green tongue is often a sign of an overgrowth of harmful germs in the mouth. Whether this is a yeast overgrowth or another type of infection, it is essential to see a doctor for treatment if the discoloration does not resolve in a few days or goes away and comes back. Many cases of green tongue require medical treatment.

Following the treatment plan set out by the doctor is the best way to resolve the underlying issue. Your Name: required. Your Phone: required. Your Email:. Your Message: required. I agree to Terms required. Chula Vista Dental Implants by Dr. All Rights Reserved. Seven causes of a green tongue. Posted on: April 14, Posted in: Chula Vista Dental Implants.

Posted by: Babak Hosseini. Oral thrush may cause discoloration of the tongue. Geographic tongue may cause unusual patterns and colors on the tongue.

Image credit: Martanopue, Treatment for green tongue usually involves taking prescribed medication.

It's probably down to the high congener count of the booze, or over-drinking. As for hangover cures, scientists have looked into those too, and the British Medical Journal published a review of trials of everything from borage to artichoke and glucose to prickly pears in The bad news for drinkers is that none of them work. Do you agree? Medical Myths Human body. Does mixing alcoholic drinks cause hangovers? Share using Email. By Claudia Hammond 29th April Many people believe that mixing wine, beer and spirits causes nasty hangovers.

Are they right? Unlock the liquor cabinet Put your red wine in the fridge this summer. With its germ-killing powers, does wine or beer fight tummy bugs? Sign out. The Cook Up recipes. Korean at home. Beer, wine or cocktail? You'll want to stick to one and not try all three. Getty Images Source: Getty Images. Previous Next Show Grid.

Previous Next Hide Grid. Variety may be the spice of life, but guess what? It might be better to be boring when it comes to boozing.

The Conversation. So is there any evidence for these beliefs? Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Registered Dietitian Julia Zumpano, RD, warns the high caffeine content in energy drinks may get you to drink more than your limit.

We chatted with Zumpano to get the low-down on why you should avoid such a troubling mix, no matter what your situation is. In the late s, brands flooded the market with canned beverages that packaged the two ingredients together, resulting in a wave of popularity for drinks like Four Loko and Sparks.

Several drinks, like Four Loko, altered their drinks by dropping caffeine from their ingredients list. Other brands simply pulled their lines altogether. Even with those specific drinks pulled from the market, though, the chance to mix energy drinks with alcohol remains an easy enough cocktail to make. Drinkers just have to make their own mix instead of relying on these pre-mixed formulas. And with that remains certain dangers.

It would seem that, due to self-preservation, people would rather blame mixing drinks for feeling sick while out, or for a nasty hangover the next day, than admit alcohol has an insidious effect on the brain that leads to overindulgence. But the perfect counterbalanced randomised controlled trial of mixing drinks has not been conducted, so people can still hang on to these deeply entrenched beliefs should they wish to do so.

Portsmouth Climate Festival — Portsmouth, Portsmouth. Edition: Available editions United Kingdom. Become an author Sign up as a reader Sign in. Stephen Bright , Edith Cowan University. So is there any evidence for these beliefs?

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Email Address There was an error, please provide a valid email address. Thanks for signing up! Instead of hitting city after city night after night on her Madame X tour, the pop legend booked what amounts to a series of mini-residencies, which kicked off last fall with a string of 16 shows at Brooklyn Academy of Music's 2,capacity Howard Gilman Opera House. Unfortunately for Madge, the tour has been hit with a number of setbacks, including injuries and "production issues", which have forced the cancellation of 12 concerts to date.

These include two of the shows on her current leg of the tour, at the London Palladium. Now, two disgruntled concertgoers who paid hundreds of dollars to see Madonna perform in Brooklyn have launched a lawsuit against the singer, saying that she took the stage hours later than the scheduled time. Both concerts were supposed to start at p. This isn't the first time a fan has taken action against Madonna and Live Nation over set times.

When the promoter announced that the start time for her December 17 show in Miami was being changed from p. Ticketholders were not offered refunds, and Holland claimed that the changed start time "devalued" his ticket to the point where he couldn't sell it. For her part, Madonna has made her feelings on this topic very clear. Zoe Daniel: Sincerity is the missing piece in our political landscape.

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One thing that sets Invader Zim apart from every other show not just cartoons is how all of the characters either completely hate each other or are coldly indifferent towards each other.

There is never any genuine affection or warmth between characters. Invader Zim has none of that and revels in it, which I think is very bold and commendable. Overall, none of the characters on Invader Zim are good role models. All of the characters are either complete idiots or delightfully self absorbed jerks, in one way or another.

As such, there is absolutely no educational value to this show. No episodes have morals and the characters never learn any lessons. If anything, characters are sometimes rewarded for their bad behavior. Characters will frequently try to kill or injure each other and will occasionally succeed at this. On top of that, the characters will frequently hold grudges and try to get revenge on each other with mixed results.

But ultimately, the negative behavior still far overshadows this one minuscule positive one. Some younger kids may be turned off by the dark and disgusting humor and episode plots.

This review Helped me decide 3. Had useful details 3. Read my mind 2. Report this review. Teen, 13 years old Written by EnderBugg April 28, Not what it seems Invader Zim is about Zim: and alien hellbent on taking over the earth.

This show is funny but there is violence. If you want merch for this, Gir His little robot is on a lot of thing at hot topic aka Emo Warehouse and the old figures are on ebay but they are pricey. Read the comics! Helped me decide 1. Kid, 12 years old February 22, The show centers around Zim, an alien who is banished from his home planet. But he finds a heavily satirised Planet Earth and starts his plans to conquer the planet. It is very dark, so I recommend kids should be about 12 to watch it.

It has great character designs and animation, and the jokes are all spot on. This show's uniquely warped style of humour could be compared to something like Don't Hug Me I'm Scared. An excellent show for teens. Had useful details 1. Read my mind 1. I'm so glad they put it back on Nicktoons Network.

This is easily one of the best modern cartoons ever made. For kids under 8 or so it might be kind of scary at some points Zim is this violent little dude who takes peoples organs and rips people's eyes out in one episode And the role modeling isn't great.

Zim is like the worst role model ever. Dib is OK but he's annoying sometimes.. Overall, it's probably fine for younger kids to watch, but older kids will probably appreciate the show's dark humor more. The reason it got canceled was because people older than the target audience were watching it instead of the target audience.

Teen, 15 years old Written by willbarchi April 9, Invader Zim is a hilariously dark cartoon, and it should probably be noted that it has a large ADULT fan base as opposed to a childern one. It is designed to be dark and sometimes rather creepy, which it manages very easily. One episode that deserves slightly more recognition is called 'Dark Harvest' In this episode, zim steals children's organs in order to protect his identity when the school nurse examines him.

This episode, by and large, is as grim as it sounds. Zim, after eating many organs, becomes fat and bloated and you can see the organs in his mouth. In one memorable part, when zim is speaking, a large intestine falls out of his mouth and rolls along the floor Teen, 15 years old Written by VorteneX November 3, ZIM The show is incredible, but sometimes things take a darker turn.

For example, in one episode, Zim gives a child a present that rips the child's eyes out and then puts them back in, just to make him stop being his friend. Not graphically shown The comedy can be a bit gross, but honestly the show is really good. The characters are interesting, and keep you wanting more! Read my mind. Kid, 12 years old August 2, Zim will always say funny things like "Filthy humans", "Humans and their filthy Friendship!

Invaders need no one! NO ONE!!!!! There is nothing to worry about in Invader Zim! Gir is really cute like how he sleeps or what he says is cute too. Dib's head is not big!!!! He is smart! This title contains: Educational Value. Positive Messages. Positive role models. Helped me decide. Had useful details. Teen, 13 years old Written by SlipperyQ June 8, An Eye-Opening Show There is only one reason the age for this show is higher- it's not as funny if you don't have the experience to relate.

Here is an innovative cartoon that is sure to raise some eyebrows- and having heard quite a bit about the man behind it, this is not surprising. But kids today are exposed to so many sick things every day, that it doesn't throw us. Did you know that I can no longer walk down a school hallway without hearing something that would get me grounded? And I don't care. He was used by Zim as a best friend due to his physical absorbency of liquids, shock-resistance, and ability to come out all right after an unseen incident with a toy beaver and taxi so that Zim appears normal to the other Skoolchildren.

However, Zim grew tired of Keef following him everywhere and invading his privacy. It got to such a level that Zim's paranoia gets the best of him and he decides to get rid of Keef to ensure the safety of his mission. And while he failed in killing the boy, he was successful in getting him out of his antennae. Interestingly, had the series gone on, Keef would have learned that Zim is an alien, however, it's unlikely he would use this information against him.

Skoodge and Zim are both Irken Invaders , and both are hated by their leaders, the Almighty Tallest, for various reasons primarily, their short statures. They have seemingly formed a friendship, despite how poorly Zim treats Skoodge, which seems to have been the case since their smeethood , as Zim has used Skoodge as nothing more than a tool to get ahead, but no matter how many times he is abused, Skoodge for whatever reason stays loyal to Zim.

Zim sees Skoodge as a pitiful excuse for an Invader, and calls him gullible, and he seems to be aware that the Tallest hate him, even while being oblivious to their hate of himself.

As stated above, he often abuses Skoodge, and if the series were to continue on, he would not be very welcoming when he finds him in his basement. He thinks that Skoodge was just lucky when he conquered his assigned planet Blorch , despite Skoodge being an excellent Invader.

Nevertheless, they're more than likely the only friend the other has, which would explain why Zim at best tolerates having Skoodge around. Sizz-Lorr seems to be the only Irken Zim seems to fear. This isn't without reason, as Zim was so traumatized working under Sizz-Lorr during his banishment on Foodcourtia to the extent that he had to block out his time on Shloogorgh's Flavor Monster.

The relationship between them can best be described as jailer and prisoner. After Zim escaped the first time during the beginning of The Great Foodening , Sizz-Lorr was severely understaffed and had to do all the work by himself for twenty years, which caused him to have a personal hatred towards Zim and as a result, he was determined to bring him back to Foodcourtia to serve the rest of his banishment apparently unaware that the Tallest simply re-banished Zim to Earth.

Sizz-Lorr's hatred towards Zim was so deep that he forced the defective to work around the clock. Zim wasn't allowed to leave the restaurant and was made to do several humiliating tasks for the amusement of the abusive costumers. However, it was this hatred and fear on Zim's end that out of desperation found a way to escape both the restaurant and the planet, leaving the Frylord alone to endure another Foodening by himself, with Zim gloating over his victory.

The relationship between Zim and the Almighty Tallest can best be described as tumultuous, at least from the Tallests' point of view.

Although they deeply detest him and will do anything to get him out of their way, Zim remains innocently loyal and reasonably obedient to his leaders. When Zim ruins Operation Impending Doom and destroys part of Irk as well as killing the original Invaders as well as most likely thousands of Irkens , the Tallest respond by banishing him to Foodcourtia and reencoding his PAK from Invader to food service; their response to such a severe offense would imply that the Tallest are reluctant to actually execute their fellow Irkens.

Zim repeatedly tries to win the praise of and please his leaders and will go through great lengths to get it, and is often oblivious to their disdain for him. However, his efforts are in vain, as Red and Purple hate him but Zim has deluded himself into thinking they're his "biggest fans. Zim has had several voice actors before the series had officially started.

The pilot episode with West's voiceover track is available as an extra feature on the second disc of the Zim DVD set. Hamill was not cast because Vasquez considered he was unsuited for the role upon hearing his recordings while Nickelodeon considered that he sounded too old. Richard Steven Horvitz , who voiced Daggett from The Angry Beavers , revoiced Zim as a tester on the third pass of the pilot and was finally chosen to be the character's permanent voice for the remainder of the American series.

This final version of the pilot was unavailable to the public until Christmas Eve, when the pilot aired on Nicktoons. At this point, the late Gary Coleman was considered to voice Zim, but according to his blog, Vasquez didn't want to cast a celebrity to voice the show's titular protagonist. Horvitz's style of voicing Zim was influenced heavily by Vasquez's own inflections and those of Vincent Price.

On behind the voice actors, it was shown that Melissa Fahn had voiced Zim as a smeet in " Parent Teacher Night "; her only line as Zim was: "I love you, cold unfeeling robot arm. Professor Membrane Ms. Bitters Almighty Tallest Recap Kid. Minimoose Roboparents Invader Skoodge Tak. Issue 21 Issue 22 Issue 23 Issue 24 Issue Issue 26 Issue 27 Issue 28 Issue 29 Issue Issue 31 Issue 32 Issue 33 Issue 34 Issue Issue 36 Issue 37 Issue 38 Issue 39 Issue Issue 41 Issue 42 Issue 43 Issue 44 Issue Issue 46 Issue 47 Issue 48 Issue 49 Issue Explore Wikis Community Central.

Register Don't have an account? View source. History Talk Come, GIR. Let us rain some doom down upon the heads of our doomed enemies. Zim Undisguised.

Voot Runner PAK. Without Disguise. With Disguise. Universal Conquest Wiki. Undisguised Disguised. Season 1. Season 2. Unfinished Episodes. Comic Series. Issue 1 :. Issue 2 :. Issue 3 :. Issue 4 :. Issue 5 :. Issue 6 :. Issue 7 :. Issue 8 :. Issue 9 :. Issue 10 :. Issue 11 :. Issue 12 :. Issue 13 :. Issue 14 :. Issue 15 :. Issue 16 :. Issue 17 :. Issue 18 :. Issue 19 :. Issue 20 :. Issue 21 :. Issue 22 :. Issue 23 :. Issue 24 :. Issue 25 :. Issue 26 :. Issue 27 :. Issue 28 :. Issue 29 :.

Issue 30 :. Issue 31 :. Issue 32 :. Issue 33 :. Issue 34 :. Issue 35 :. Issue 36 :. Issue 37 :. Issue 38 :. Issue 39 :. Issue 40 :. Issue 41 :. Issue 42 :. Issue 43 :. Issue 44 :. At the very least you were 18 years younger than you are now.

Have you watched it recently? It's absolutely going to mess you up more today than it did back then if you do. Personal experience: I was 21 when Invader Zim debuted, which means I wasn't a kid, but I was still built like a tank. I had a lot of get up and go. I was still in college and I still got away with smoking cigarettes at diners at 3 in the god damn morning.

At the time, watching Invader Zim was a delight because I could focus on how it didn't shy away from how morally bankrupt society is. Schools are like prisons. Advertisements manipulate children into buying things they don't really want or need. Children, in general, are awful. The world is random. Everything is bad. Laugh at it! It's a very emo approach to the show, but one I think was pretty common at the time. But, also personal experience: I am 39 now, and rewatching Invader Zim is infinitely more disturbing for me today.

Seeds come in all shapes and sizes. Some tropical rainforest orchids have seeds that are smaller than a pinhead—so small,in fact, that they are like dust. At the other end of the scale is the enormous Coco de Mer seed which can be up to 40 centimetres long and weigh as much as 18 kilograms, about the same weight as a medium-sized dog! In flowering plants, seeds develop in a fruit.

The fruit protects seeds but also helps with their dispersal from one place to another. Sometimes the fruit is nice and soft and delicious, like a berry that attracts animals who then accidently carry the seed to a new home. Other times the fruits are hard and woody, like those of a banksia or eucalypt. This is the Svalbard Global Seed Vault—a seed bank established by the Norwegian government which holds copies of more than 4, plant species from seed banks around the world.

The vault holds over 4, plant species including essential food crops such as beans, wheat and rice. The northernmost place in the world with its own airport, Svalbard is the perfect place for the seeds to be delivered from around the world for cold storage. Even if the power fails, the ambient temperature on this chilly island 1, kilometres beyond the Arctic Circle will keep the seeds frozen without extra cooling.

In fact, experiments show that some of the tissues inside of seeds remain active, and even carry out some basic metabolic processes, such as cellular respiration GLOSSARY respiration a chemical process whereby energy is released from glucose. The embryo gets energy by breaking down its food stores. During aerobic respiration:.

Seeds need the right temperature to germinate, and this varies depending on the species of plant and its environment. Some need fluctuations in temperature. Some need very cold conditions for a few weeks or even months before they will germinate at a higher temperature. This ensures that cold climate seeds, for example, delay germination until after winter. What about light, you might wonder? Such seeds can lie dormant for years, until, say, a tree falls, opening up a gap in the forest canopy and exposing the seed to light.

Interactive How seeds germinate 1 Next Reset. Nearly all seeds are in a sort of suspended animation, called dormancy, until conditions are just right for them to germinate. Dormancy means that, even when exposed to water, oxygen and the right temperature, a seed may delay germination until it gets certain other environmental and chemical cues.

A seed may be dormant while still on the parent plant this is known as primary dormancy , or it may become dormant after it has left the parent plant secondary dormancy. It allows seeds to delay germination until, for example, temperatures are just right for the seedling to thrive. It also means that seeds can wait to become seedlings until they are at a distance from the parent plant for example, by being eaten by animals and excreted elsewhere , which reduces competition with other seeds from the same parent.

Dormancy happens through a few different kinds of mechanisms, some of which happen outside the embryo exogenous dormancy , others inside it physiological dormancy. An example of an exogenous dormancy mechanism is a hard seed coat, which stops the seed absorbing water, and sometimes air.

Dormancy may also be triggered by factors inside the embryo, especially chemical changes, which need to occur in the seed before it will germinate. Some seeds, for example, need a period of light or dark to germinate.

People working in the agricultural industry will often carry out processes that imitate these natural ones in order to break dormancy and get seeds to germinate—for instance, by chilling seeds to imitate cold weather or by applying abrasives to weaken the seed coat. How long can a seed survive? Most seeds seem to be able to live in the soil for between 10 to 15 years.

But the lifespans of seeds vary enormously. The seeds of some annual grasses need to germinate within a few weeks, while those of other plants may slumber for hundreds of years. The Arctic lupin holds the record so far. Seeds of this plant were found in the burrows of lemmings in Alaska. Researchers were able to germinate the seeds—which had been buried in the Arctic soil since the end of the last Ice Age—and produce plants.

We need to help supply the nutrients and vitamins for the plant to have what it needs to grow strong and reach its full yield potential. As we plant the seeds in the ground we have high hopes of a plentiful harvest.

This is the reason that we pick great seeds and varieties that work for our system. As the roots start to emerge there are ways to enhance the surrounding environment. The roots are the point of absorption of minerals and moisture for plant uptake, so it is vital to help create a good balance in the soil for the roots. One way to enhance root uptake is to add a source of mycorrhizae as this will expand the root mass through the soil and create a network of fungi between the growing roots.

What exactly are mycorrhizal fungi? Mycorrhizae, which means fungus-root, are beneficial fungi that attach to the plant's roots and are fed with sugars and carbons, and in return, bring nutrients and water back to the growing plant. The most common are arbuscular mycorrhizae…. Arbuscular mycorrhizae have hyphae that attach themselves to the root cells and form vesicles.

These create a bond between the plant and the fungi to exchange water and nutrients with the soil. This can have a large impact on plant functions and can certainly affect drought tolerance, plant health and, of course, yield. Some of the reported benefits of adding a mycorrhizal source are less pathogens, better drought tolerance, less transplant stress, enhanced flowering and improved soil structure.

We carry an excellent suspendable powder mycorrhizal inoculum consisting of four species of endomycorrhizal fungi. Read more about MycoApply here. As we are beginning the process of planting for and are enthusiastic about a great season ahead, it is truly very important to plan for success early on and to be mindful to give those seeds the best chance possible to produce a healthy and bountiful crop and yield.

Think about the soil health as you plant your seeds in the ground. Think about the potential of the seed and what it needs for a great germination and what you can do to give it a boost this spring. This can result in slow germination, weakened and diseased seedlings, and even plant death.

It is much better to delay planting until soils warm up. The optimal temperature for growing seedlings may be different from optimal germination temperatures. Table 2 shows the range of day and night temperatures that are best for growing seedlings in a greenhouse, where temperatures can be controlled. Cooler temperatures generally slow down growth, and warmer ones speed up seedling growth. All seedlings need ample light to grow.

If light levels are low or if seedlings are too crowded as they grow, the stems will stretch as the plants seek more light, resulting in weak, "leggy" transplants. Consider supplemental lighting if greenhouse light levels are low. The length of time that seedlings need to grow in the greenhouse before they are big enough to transplant into the field varies by crop.

Tomato and pepper seedlings may take five to seven weeks to produce, while cucumbers and squash are ready to transplant after three to four weeks in the greenhouse. But all transplants need to be hardened off before going from the greenhouse out to the field, or they will be damaged by the harsher conditions. To harden off seedlings, gradually expose them to conditions they will have in the field. Plants may show some signs of wilting, but do not let plants wilt excessively.

After a day or two, weather permitting, set the trays outside of the greenhouse for five to seven days prior to planting. If it is very hot and sunny, provide some shade for the seedlings for the first day or two. Plants that are hardened off in this manner will be better able to tolerate transplanting, and continue to grow in the field uninterrupted. For more information, see " Seed and Seedling Biology ".

Let's Stay Connected. By entering your email, you consent to receive communications from Penn State Extension. View our privacy policy. Thank you for your submission! Home Understanding Seeds and Seedling Biology. Understanding Seeds and Seedling Biology. Photo: Seedling, U. Department of Agriculture, Flickr. Choosing the Right Seed Few decisions are more important to successful vegetable production than choosing the right seed.

The Right Environment to Germinate All fully developed seeds contain an embryo and, in most plant species, a store of food reserves, wrapped in a seed coat. Table 1. Optimal soil temperature conditions for vegetable crop germination.

Managing for Optimal Germination and Seedling Development Testing stored seeds for germination Seeds purchased within a year of when they are to be planted rarely fail to germinate. Uniform germination We know that seeds need proper conditions to germinate rapidly. Seedling development The optimal temperature for growing seedlings may be different from optimal germination temperatures. Table 2. Temperature and time required for growing field transplants.

Vegetable Crop Day o F Night o F Time weeks Broccoli Cabbage Cauliflower Celery Cucumber Eggplant Lettuce Melons Onion Pepper Squash Tomato Seedling maturation and hardening off The length of time that seedlings need to grow in the greenhouse before they are big enough to transplant into the field varies by crop.

We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. Trading for 10 years. Home Easy fixes for slow to start, flickering or faulty fluorescent tubes.

Easy fixes for slow to start, flickering or faulty fluorescent tubes. The electric current or arc excites the low-pressure mercury vapor which generates radiant energy, primarily in the ultraviolet or UV range. The inert gases instead of air that contains oxygen help prevent oxidation or combustion of the mercury inside the tube.

By changing the composition of the phosphor coating the manufacturer can change the color temperature of the light emitted by the tube. To start the lamp, a high voltage surge is needed to establish an arc in the mercury vapor between the lamp filaments at each end of the lamp tube. Those filaments remain hot as long as the tube is lit or "on". The flow of electrons between the lamp filaments excites the electrons in atoms of mercury inside the tube, causing them to emit radiant energy in the form of UV ultraviolet light.

The high start-up voltage, at V, is supplied by an electrical transformer or ballast in the light fixture. Once the lamp is started, the gas offers a decreasing amount of resistance, which means that current must be regulated to match this drop.

Once the lamp is operating, voltage drops to a much lower level, usually around 93V for tubes under 30 Watts, or from V for tubes at 30 Watts or more. Our sketch above illustrates the basics of how a fluorescent lamp works. When the circuit supplying the lamp is switched ON current passes first through the ballast, then across the filaments at one end of the lamp, following the path of least resistance through the starter switch and on through the filaments at the other end of the lamp.

Current flowing through the starter, itself filled with neon or a similar gas, causes an arc between the two contacts in the starter, essentially closing the circuit across the starter switch to permit a high initial voltage to flow to the lamp filaments causing them to heat up, boiling electrons off of the filament surface, ionizing the gas inside the tube or lamp and causing it to light.

As current continues to flow through the starter, a bimetallic strip in the starter heats, curves to close a metal-to-metal contact, stopping the arc inside the starter as current now flows through the metal contacts. Stopping the arc inside the starter allows its bimetallic strip to cool, opening the starter circuit.

Because current is now flowing through the ionized gas inside the fluorescent lamp the starter is no longer needed. However, when fluorescent bulbs flicker, the situation is more than just a minor annoyance. If your fluorescent lights flicker, you should fix the problem immediately because flickering can cause the ballast to overheat or fail.

We offer electrical services in Northern Virginia , and we can help you if your fluorescent bulbs flicker. If your fluorescent bulbs flicker, most likely the problem is with the bulb itself. If the bulb is very dark on either end, it may be defective and burned out. The best way to test the functionality of a bulb is to put it into a fixture you know works.

The problem could be with the starter in your bulb, but most new bulbs do not have starters. However, if your bulb has a starter, you should be able to see it at the bottom of the bulb!

Fluorescent bulb starters generally look like gray metallic cylinders and require a simple replacement! Stack Overflow for Teams — Collaborate and share knowledge with a private group.

Create a free Team What is Teams? Learn more. Why do my fluorescent lights flicker and require cycling the switch to turn on? Ask Question.

Asked 5 years ago. Active 2 months ago. Viewed 3k times. Thanks for your answers in advance. Improve this question. Jon Jon 57 1 1 gold badge 4 4 silver badges 9 9 bronze badges. When replacing one lamp always replace both. When buying bulbs try to get them out if a case, rather than singles that may have been abused. T12's have two pins on each end, watch out for pin damage, with damaged pins bulb life can be shortened.

Watch bulb installation with T12 bi-pins it's possible to get one end of the bulb in with a pin hanging outside the socket, the bulb may still light, but it's like pin damage and may shorten bulb life.

Finally if you're seeing a burned end on a relatively new bulb the bulb may have been damaged internally by rough handling before you got it. Add a comment. Active Oldest Votes. Improve this answer.

Identify where you can go in the event of an evacuation. Try to have more than one option: the home of a friend or family member in another town, a hotel or a shelter. Keep the phone numbers and addresses of these locations handy.

Map out your primary routes and backup routes to your evacuation destinations in case roads are blocked or impassable. Try to have a physical map of the area available in case GPS satellite transmissions are down or your devices run out of power.

Pre-arrange a designated place to meet in case your family members are separated before or during the evacuation. Make the location specific, for example, "meet at the big clock in the middle of town square" not "meet at the town square". Ask an out-of-town friend or family member to act as a contact person for your family. Put all evacuation plans in writing along with pertinent addresses and phone numbers and give them to each member of the family.

Note that many home printer inks are NOT waterproof, so take appropriate precautions to ensure legibility. If advised to evacuate, do so immediately. Plan what to take Many families choose to have a "go bag" ready with some of these critical items. Prescriptions and other medicines First aid kit Bottled water Flashlight, battery-powered radio and extra batteries Clothing and bedding sleeping bags, pillows Special equipment for infants or elderly or disabled family members "Comfort items," such as special toys for children Computer hard drive and laptop Cherished photographs Pet food and other items for pets litter boxes, leashes 3.

Create a home inventory Making a home inventory and having it handy will be useful if you need to apply for disaster aid. If reporting to an assembly area is not safe or feasible, contact supervisors or other appropriate individuals to inform them of your safety and location. It is important to be aware of the nearest exits and building emergency evacuations routes prior to an emergency.

Take note of primary and secondary building evacuation routes before an event occurs so that you will be equipped to act fast and ensure your safety. Strategies for an Effective Evacuation The goal of evacuation is to leave the premises as quickly and safely as possible. The following strategies may promote an effective evacuation: Exit the premises through the nearest exit.

Exit immediately, do not return for personal items. If possible, inform others of the evacuation. If possible, help others evacuate. Evacuate regardless of whether others agree to follow. Use the safest evacuation route possible. Avoid coming in contact with the hazard fire, suspicious package, violent intruder, etc. Hallways and unused spaces become dumping grounds for odds and ends.

Over time, those little piles of junk turn into large piles that block exit routes that are necessary during an evacuation of the building. An evacuation plan forces employees to walk along their route of escape in a calm, and measured manner. As they move along the path, they can take note of blockages on the route that limit mobility, dead light bulbs that need to be replaced to lit emergency stairwells, or missing first aid kits at important junctures in the escape route.

Cool heads and clear plans are often the difference between life and death in an emergency that requires an evacuation. Employers who take the time to thoroughly develop an evacuation plan provide their employees with a safer workplace , and may even save lives.

Learn to identify and analyze potential workplace hazards, infractions and risks through a bachelor of science in occupational safety online. At Eastern Kentucky University, you will gain a graduate-level education by industry-experienced educators and fire and safety professionals who are committed to teaching and preparing you for continued success.

Skip to main content. Evacuation plans are important for a number of reasons. Create A Clear Chain Of Command In the confusion of a workplace emergency, most people want to run and get out of the building as quickly as possible; however, doing so increases the risk of injury and property damage.

In general, companies need four roles covered: Point of Contact—This person communicates with emergency services, and makes the decision about when an evacuation should occur. Coordinator—Once an evacuation is declared, the coordinator completes the list of safety tasks, including shutting off gas lines, doubling checking offices and bathrooms for stragglers, and securing the site as best they can.

Head Counter—On the ground outside, head counters ensure everyone is accounted for. If each department uses their own head counter, they need to report to a central authority. First Aid—Burns, cuts, and other minor injuries can be treated with the tools in a first aid kit until emergency services arrive.

Several members of the staff should have some understanding of basic first aid, so everyone gets treatment. In small offices, a person can hold more than one position, but all four are still necessary. Designated Meeting Place Evacuation plans let employees know exactly where to go after leaving the building.

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Registry Builder New. Hair Dye and Highlights During Pregnancy. Medically Reviewed by Jessica Wu, M. Medical Review Policy All What to Expect content that addresses health or safety is medically reviewed by a team of vetted health professionals.

Being pregnant doesn't mean you can't have fabulous hair — just exercise a little caution and common sense. Back to Top. In This Article. Can you dye your hair while pregnant? Please whitelist our site to get all the best deals and offers from our partners. However, these doses are massive compared with the very low amount of chemicals you may be exposed to when colouring your hair.

You may decide to wait to dye your hair until after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, when the risk of chemical substances harming the baby is much lower. If you're colouring your hair yourself, you can reduce the risk further by making sure you:. Highlighting your hair, by putting the dye only on to strands of hair, also reduces any risk. The chemicals used are only absorbed by your hair, and not by your scalp or bloodstream.

Semi-permanent pure vegetable dyes, such as henna, are a safe alternative. These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data. We and our partners process data to: Actively scan device characteristics for identification. I Accept Show Purposes. Table of Contents View All. Table of Contents. What Is Hair Dye? Nikki Lee If you must do a base color, typically an ammonia-free color is a good route. Hairdressers Who Work When Pregnant If you make a living as a hairstylist or colorist, it is fine to continue working while pregnant.

Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Sign Up. What are your concerns? Verywell Family uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles.

Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. An ultrastuctural study of hair fiber damage and restoration following treatment with permanent hair dye. Int J Dermatol. Cooke GM. Biomonitoring of human fetal exposure to environmental chemicals in early pregnancy. Contact dermatitis to hair dye: An update. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. Int J Toxicol. Related Articles. For example, exposure to high levels of lead while pregnant can cause problems like preterm delivery, low birth weight, and miscarriage.

And if you eat a lot of fish with high mercury levels while pregnant, your baby could have problems with their nervous system. Even if you already know the importance of limiting your exposure to these types of toxins while pregnant, you may wonder whether this advice applies to hair dyes. This is true whether you choose a semi-permanent or a permanent dye.

Small amounts of hair dye can get on your skin during a treatment. Although dye may come into contact with your forehead or scalp, only a small amount of the chemical is actually absorbed into your skin. But you should still take precautions to minimize the risk of causing harm to your baby. Hair can grow at a faster pace while pregnant, so you may need more root touchups during these nine months.

To minimize potential harm to a developing fetus, some experts advise against coloring hair in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. You should wait until your second trimester to color your hair. Rapid growth and development takes place during the first trimester.

Rather than dye your entire hair, ask your stylist about highlights, frosting, or streaking to avoid applying dye directly to your scalp or skin.